{"id":3186,"date":"2025-07-17T10:53:10","date_gmt":"2025-07-17T08:53:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/?page_id=3186"},"modified":"2026-03-13T09:27:24","modified_gmt":"2026-03-13T08:27:24","slug":"sps-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/sps-2\/","title":{"rendered":"SPS"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3186_c783fc-a5, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3186_c783fc-a5[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3186_c783fc-a5\"]{text-align:center;font-size:var(--global-kb-font-size-md, 1.25rem);font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3186_c783fc-a5 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3186_c783fc-a5[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3186_c783fc-a5\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3186_c783fc-a5 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading3186_c783fc-a5[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3186_c783fc-a5\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading3186_c783fc-a5 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading3186_c783fc-a5\"><strong>Spark Plasma Sintering<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"821\" src=\"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/sps_schema-1024x821.jpg\" alt=\"Schematic representation of the SPS technique\" class=\"wp-image-2068\" style=\"width:394px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/sps_schema-1024x821.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/sps_schema-1536x1232.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/sps_schema-2048x1643.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/sps_schema-300x241.jpg 300w, https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/sps_schema-768x616.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Schematic representation of the SPS technique: the powder is inserted in the graphite die and electrical current and pressure are applied to the sample to allow the sintering or the bonding of different materials.&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"745\" src=\"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sps_machine-1024x745.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2945\" srcset=\"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sps_machine-1024x745.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sps_machine-1536x1118.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sps_machine-2048x1491.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sps_machine-500x364.jpg 500w, https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sps_machine-768x559.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">TT_Sinter&nbsp;machine and a detail of the graphite press during the process in the vacuum chamber<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"has-theme-palette-3-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-7035eb30e0676c51690aec0ddd1cc784\" style=\"font-size:18px\">The Spark Plasma Sintering technique, also known as&nbsp;also known as field assisted sintering technique (FAST)&nbsp;is the most promising technology under investigation by the LARAMED group for the preparation of thick (from 300 \u00b5m) target for radionuclide production.&nbsp;<strong><sup>100<\/sup>Mo<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong><sup>52<\/sup>Cr<\/strong> and&nbsp;<strong><sup>89<\/sup>Y<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;targets for&nbsp;<strong><sup>99m<\/sup>Tc<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong><sup>52<\/sup>Mn<\/strong> and&nbsp;<strong><sup>89<\/sup>Zr<\/strong>&nbsp;production, respectively were already tested in medical cyclotron.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-theme-palette-3-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-20fcbe60912395a19d68b2836c7f42e8\" style=\"font-size:18px\">The versatility of this non-conventional sintering technique allows the sintering of metal and oxide materials starting from powder, in very short time. Moreover, it is possible to obtain good adhesion between the target material and a backing to realize a target system that fulfils the main requirements for a suitable cyclotron target (i.e., no losses of the expensive material, a uniform and optimized layer thickness; a high chemical purity level; a high heat transfer effectiveness; good mechanical properties; and easy handling).&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>ZnO&nbsp;and Gd<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>&nbsp;targets are under investigation in the framework of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/cuprum-ttd\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"629\">CUPRUM_TTD<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/aphrodite-155\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"2094\">APHRODITE-155<\/a> project, respectively&nbsp;for the production of&nbsp;<strong><sup>67<\/sup>Cu<\/strong> and&nbsp;<strong><sup>155<\/sup>Tb<\/strong> in medical cyclotron.<br>A dedicated machine&nbsp;TT_Sinter&nbsp;was developed in collaboration with University of Pavia and INFN Pavia for further studies with different materials and configurations<\/p>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-3186_f2e923-ee .kt-block-spacer{height:60px;}.wp-block-kadence-spacer.kt-block-spacer-3186_f2e923-ee .kt-divider{border-top-width:1px;height:1px;border-top-color:#eee;width:80%;border-top-style:solid;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-spacer aligncenter kt-block-spacer-3186_f2e923-ee\"><div class=\"kt-block-spacer kt-block-spacer-halign-center\"><hr class=\"kt-divider\"\/><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-ad2f72ca wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"216\" src=\"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/target-SPS-new-1024x216.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3242\" style=\"width:520px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/target-SPS-new-1024x216.png 1024w, https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/target-SPS-new-1536x323.png 1536w, https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/target-SPS-new-2048x431.png 2048w, https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/target-SPS-new-500x105.png 500w, https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/target-SPS-new-768x162.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Example of target manufactured by SPS technique: <strong><sup>100<\/sup>Mo<\/strong> on Au\/Cu, <strong><sup>52<\/sup>Cr<\/strong> on Au\/Nb, natY on Nb, <strong><sup>70<\/sup>Zn<\/strong>O and <strong><sup>155<\/sup>Gd<\/strong><sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> targets.<br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span style=\"caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: -webkit-standard; font-size: medium; white-space: normal;\">SPS advantages:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-theme-palette-3-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-a23e878f756b4bc07869783538fdd85a\">\n<li style=\"font-size:14px\">High T<sub>m<\/sub>&nbsp;material sintering<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:14px\">Starting materials: powder or foils<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:14px\">Adhesion of different materials<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-size:14px\">High efficiency: no loss of isotope-enriched materials during manufacturing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-theme-palette-3-color has-text-color has-link-color has-small-font-size wp-elements-2ac4752f260a903439253bba041ef0b8\">\n<li><em>More information can be found here:<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Piteo, G.; Kotliarenko, A.; Esposito, J.; Martini, P.; Pigato, M.; De Dominicis, L.; Pupillo, G.; Mou, L.; Cisternino, S. Optimization of the Production Process of Gadolinium Oxide Targets for Nuclear Medicine by Spark Plasma Sintering. Ceramics International <strong>2026<\/strong>, doi:10.1016\/j.ceramint.2026.02.423.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cisternino, S.; Kotliarenko, A.; Martini, P.; Piteo, G.; Porto, F.; Speltri, G.; Marvelli, L.; Pigato, M.; Cazzola, E.; Boschi, A.; et al. Spark Plasma Sintering in Manufacturing and Recycling of ZnO Targets for Medical Radioisotopes Cyclotron-Based Production. Ceramics International&nbsp;<strong>2025<\/strong>, doi:10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.04.262.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Cisternino, S.; Haddad, F.; Kotliarenko, A.;\u00a0Sounalet, T.; Wang, Y. PRISMAP Deliverable D10.1 &#8211; Report on Gd Target Production.\u00a0<strong>2024<\/strong>, doi:10.5281\/zenodo.11110642.Cisternino, S.; Sciacca, G.; El\u00a0Idrissi, M. ;\u00a0Anselmi-Tamburini, U.;\u00a0Bortolussi, S.;\u00a0Gennari, C.;\u00a0Calliari, I. Production of Medical Radionuclides: Spark Plasma Sintering Technique for Cyclotron Solid Target Manufacturing. La\u00a0Metallurgia\u00a0Italiana\u00a02022, n.11\/12 Novembre-Dicembre\u00a0<strong>2022<\/strong>, 24\u201330.\u00a0https:\/\/issuu.com\/aimnet3\/docs\/aim_novembre-dicembre <strong>2022<\/strong>_paginesingole\/24.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cisternino, S.;\u00a0Cazzola, E.; Skliarova, H.; Amico, J.;\u00a0Malachini, M.;\u00a0Gorgoni, G.;\u00a0Anselmi-Tamburini, U.; Esposito, J. Target Manufacturing by Spark Plasma Sintering for Efficient 89Zr Production. Nuclear Medicine and Biology\u00a0<strong>2022<\/strong>, 104\u2013105, 38\u201346, doi:10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2021.11.004.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>H. Skliarova, S. Cisternino, G.\u00a0Cicoria, E.\u00a0Cazzola, G.\u00a0Gorgoni, M. Marengo, J. Esposito. Cyclotron solid targets preparation for medical radionuclides production in the framework of LARAMED project. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1548 (<strong>2020<\/strong>) 012022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1548\/1\/012022<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kb-btns3186_96c273-90{gap:var(--global-kb-gap-xs, 0.5rem );justify-content:center;align-items:center;}.kt-btns3186_96c273-90 .kt-button{font-weight:normal;font-style:normal;}.kt-btns3186_96c273-90 .kt-btn-wrap-0{margin-right:5px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns3186_96c273-90 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button{color:#555555;border-color:#555555;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns3186_96c273-90 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns3186_96c273-90 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button:focus{color:#ffffff;border-color:#444444;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns3186_96c273-90 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button::before{display:none;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns3186_96c273-90 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button:hover, .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn.kt-btns3186_96c273-90 .kt-btn-wrap-0 .kt-button:focus{background:#444444;}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn kb-buttons-wrap kb-btns3186_96c273-90\"><style>ul.menu .wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3186_ecd93d-a6.kb-button{width:initial;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3186_ecd93d-a6.kb-button{color:var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);border-top:2px solid;border-right:2px solid;border-bottom:2px solid;border-left:2px solid;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3186_ecd93d-a6.kb-button{border-top:2px solid;border-right:2px solid;border-bottom:2px solid;border-left:2px solid;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedbtn .kb-btn3186_ecd93d-a6.kb-button{border-top:2px solid;border-right:2px solid;border-bottom:2px solid;border-left:2px solid;}}<\/style><a class=\"kb-button kt-button button kb-btn3186_ecd93d-a6 kt-btn-size-standard kt-btn-width-type-auto kb-btn-global-fill  kt-btn-has-text-true kt-btn-has-svg-false  wp-block-kadence-singlebtn\" href=\"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/target\/\"><span class=\"kt-btn-inner-text\">Back<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Spark Plasma Sintering The Spark Plasma Sintering technique, also known as&nbsp;also known as field assisted sintering technique (FAST)&nbsp;is the most promising technology under investigation by the LARAMED group for the preparation of thick (from 300 \u00b5m) target for radionuclide production.&nbsp;100Mo,&nbsp;52Cr and&nbsp;89Y&nbsp;&nbsp;targets for&nbsp;99mTc,&nbsp;52Mn and&nbsp;89Zr&nbsp;production, respectively were already tested in medical cyclotron.&nbsp; The versatility of this non-conventional&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"normal","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3186","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3186","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3186"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3186\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3246,"href":"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3186\/revisions\/3246"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/web.infn.it\/LARAMED\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3186"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}